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//-->.pos {position:absolute; z-index: 0; left: 0px; top: 0px;}SUBSTANCE - RELATEDDISORDERSSUBSTANCE - RELATEDDISORDERSdisorders related to psychoactive (brain-altering) substancesalcohol, amphetamines, caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants,nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, othespsychoactive substances affect both internally perceived mental states,such as mood, and externally observable activities, such as behaviour1/3 of the general U.S. population (and over 2/3 of people aged 18 to 25)reported using one or more psychoactive substances in their lifetimessubstance-relateddisordersDSM-IV includes two broad categories of substance-relateddisorders:••substance use disorders– syndromes of pathologic useof a substance (substance dependence and substanceabuse);criteria are similar for all substancessubstance-induced disorders– disturbances of thinking,emotion, or behaviour caused by intoxication with orwithdrawal from a psychoactive substance (delirium,dementia, amnestic, psychotic, mood, anxiety or sleepdisorders, sexual dysfunction, “flashbacks”);symptoms are substance-specificsubstance use disorderssubstance dependence 1Addiction (termedsubstance dependenceby the American PsychiatricAssociation) is defined as:A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significantimpairment or distress, as manifested by≥3of the following, occurring anytime in the same 12-month period:1. Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:(a) A need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieveintoxication or the desired effector(b) Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount ofthe substance.zanotowane.pl doc.pisz.pl pdf.pisz.pl hannaeva.xlx.pl