Zgryźliwość kojarzy mi się z radością, która źle skończyła.
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
I.
Read the text and do the exercises below. Przeczytaj tekst i wykonaj ćwiczenia
poniżej.
1.
Read the text and put the words in brackets in the correct forms.
Przeczytaj tekst i wstaw wyrazy w nawiasach we właściwych formach.
The animal kingdom is a wild place where animals have to be clever in order to survive. One
of the most amazing techniques for 1ÈÈÈÈÈ..(survive) is animal camouflage. Animals
have the 2ÈÈÈÈÈÈ(able) to mimic plants, ground cover, or even other animals in order
to hide or hunt. The following is a list of some animals that are 3ÈÈÈÈÈÈ(particular)
gifted in the art of invisibility.
1. Chameleons
Contrary to popular belief, chameleons only change colour when in danger. Their everyday
skin colour, a light khaki, keeps them 4ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ.(hide) from enemies during those
not-so-dangerous times. Nearly half the world's chameleon species live in Madagascar, but
they're also found in Africa, the Middle East, and southern Europe.
2. Leopards
Whether their coats are spotted (useful for hiding in sunny areas in Africa) or black (perfect
for night time or in shadows), these elegant and deadly cats are born with 5ÈÈÈÈÈÈ
(fashion) camouflage. Rabbits, young buffalo, and monkeys don't stand a chance when
a hidden leopard makes a surprise attack.
3. Turtles
If you're a fish, youÓd better look twice before resting near that big rock . . . it could be
a turtle. There are hundreds of species of turtles and tortoises that use camouflage to trick
their prey and hide from large animals like alligators. Sadly, camouflage can't protect turtles
from the hunterÓs fishnet.
4. Bark Bugs
For most bugs, birds are the bad guys. For bark bugs, which hang out on trees around the
world, this is 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ(special) true. In order to hide in the middle of nature's
birdhouses, bark bugs appear to be part of the tree itself.
5. Leaf Butterflies
Complete with fake leaf structure, fake leaf veins, and perfect dead-leaf colouring, leaf
butterflies have the masters of camouflage. Birds pass them by without a second glance since
these insects from southeast Asia look more like dead leaves than butterflies.
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
6. Dragon Lizards
Spiders, snakes, birds, and even other lizards all want a piece of the dragon lizard, so they
have some of the most 7ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ(effect) camouflage around. Not only do dragon
lizards look nearly 8ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ(vision) when hanging out on a tree branch, they keep
9ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ(ordinary) still, knowing that their predators react to the smallest
movements. It doesn't make an 10ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ.(excite) life, but at least they live to tell
about it.
2.
Read the text again and answer the questions. Przeczytaj ponownie tekst
i odpowiedz na pytania.
A.
Chameleons
B.
Leopards
C.
Turtles
D.
Bark Bugs
E.
Leaf Butterflies
F.
Dragon Lizards
Which animalsÈ:
1.
Èare found in two colours? ÈÈÈ
2.
Èchange colour only when in danger? ÈÈÈ
3.
ÈdonÓt move? ÈÈÈ
4.
Èhas hundred species that use camouflage? ÈÈÈ
5.
Èhave the most effective camouflage? ÈÈÈ
6.
Èhide from birds? ÈÈÈ ÈÈÈ
7.
Èlive in south-eastern Asia ÈÈÈ
8.
Èlive mostly on an island? ÈÈÈ
9.
Èlive on the tree trunks? ÈÈÈ
10.
Èlook like leaves? ÈÈÈ
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
II.
Relative clauses
There are two types of relative clauses:
Defining
Î give necessary information that is essential to understand the main clause
Non-defining
Î give additional information that is not necessary to understand the sense
Commas
Î defining clauses are written without commas:
This is the man who saw you
- non-defining clauses are written with commas:
This is Tom, who works here
Commas can change the meaning:
He has three children
,
who are still at school =
he has only 3 children
He has three children who are still at school =
he has more than three children
Which - refers to things and events:
This is the house
which
we saw in the catalogue
If which is not preceded by a comma, it refers to the noun standing before it:
This is the car
which
he wanted to buy
= He wanted to buy the car
If which is preceded by a
comma
, it refers to the whole clause standing before it:
They bought a car
,
which
was a good idea
= the fact that they bought a car was a good idea
Note:
Tom came to the party. It surprised everybody.
Tom came to the party, which surprised everybody
(=the fact that he came was surprising)
not:
Tom came to the party, which surprised everybody
(= the party was a surprise)
Whose
Î expresses possession for both people and things:
This is a man. His daughter is a doctor
ã
This is the man,
whose
daughter is a doctor
This is a table. Its legs are broken
ã
This is the table
whose
legs are broken
Relative pronouns are often used in prepositional phrases
I have two/three brothers. They are doctors.
I have two/three brothers,
BOTH/ALL OF
WHOM
are doctors
or
I have two/three brothers. They are not doctors.
I have two/three brothers,
NEITHER/NONE OF
WHOM
are doctors
In formal language prepositions go before relative pronouns. In informal they go to the end of
the clause:
This is a book. I told you about it.
Formal:
This is the book
about
which
I told you
Informal:
This is the book
which
I told you
about
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
1.
Combine the sentences using relative clauses. Połącz zdania.
1.
This is the house. Dickens lived here
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
2.
She bought new shoes. She wore them at the wedding
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
3.
ThatÓs the man. He played cards last night
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
4.
This is the clock. I bought it in a supermarket
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
5.
My sister has a son. His name is David
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
6.
This is the hotel. It was built in 1879
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
7.
This is Jane. I work with her
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
8.
The letter arrived today. She sent it on Monday
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
9.
IÓm reading
Pride and Prejudice
. It was written by Jane Austin
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
10.
This is a photo of Tom. I met him last summer
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
2.
Rewrite the sentences using the word in the bold. Przekształć zdania
stosując podany wyraz.
1.
The accident was seen by many people. Many of them were crying
whom
The accident ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ
2.
We went to a very famous museum
which
The museum ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ
3.
She had many umbrellas. Three of them were very colourful
which
She had ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ
4.
Sarah was a very strict teacher. It was an advantage for the students
which
Sarah was ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ
5.
I bought a new house. Its garden is full of roses
whose
I bought ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
Key
1.
1.
survival
2.
ability
3.
particularly
4.
hidden
5.
fashionable
6.
especially
7.
effective
8.
invisible
9.
extraordinarily
10.
exciting
2.
1.
B
2.
A
3.
F
4.
B
5.
F
6.
C D
7.
D
8.
A
9.
C
10.
D
II
1.
1.
This is the house which Dickens lived in / in which Dickens lived / where Dickens
lived
2.
She bought new shoes which she wore at the wedding
3.
That is the man who played cards last night
4.
This is the clock which I bought in a supermarket
5.
My sister has a son whose name is David
6.
This is the hotel which was built in 1879
7.
This is Jane, who I work with / with whom I work
8.
The letter which I sent on Monday arrived today
9.
IÓm reading
Pride and Prejudice
, which was written by Jane Austin
10.
This is a photo of Tom, who(m) I met last summer
zanotowane.pl doc.pisz.pl pdf.pisz.pl hannaeva.xlx.pl
I.
Read the text and do the exercises below. Przeczytaj tekst i wykonaj ćwiczenia
poniżej.
1.
Read the text and put the words in brackets in the correct forms.
Przeczytaj tekst i wstaw wyrazy w nawiasach we właściwych formach.
The animal kingdom is a wild place where animals have to be clever in order to survive. One
of the most amazing techniques for 1ÈÈÈÈÈ..(survive) is animal camouflage. Animals
have the 2ÈÈÈÈÈÈ(able) to mimic plants, ground cover, or even other animals in order
to hide or hunt. The following is a list of some animals that are 3ÈÈÈÈÈÈ(particular)
gifted in the art of invisibility.
1. Chameleons
Contrary to popular belief, chameleons only change colour when in danger. Their everyday
skin colour, a light khaki, keeps them 4ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ.(hide) from enemies during those
not-so-dangerous times. Nearly half the world's chameleon species live in Madagascar, but
they're also found in Africa, the Middle East, and southern Europe.
2. Leopards
Whether their coats are spotted (useful for hiding in sunny areas in Africa) or black (perfect
for night time or in shadows), these elegant and deadly cats are born with 5ÈÈÈÈÈÈ
(fashion) camouflage. Rabbits, young buffalo, and monkeys don't stand a chance when
a hidden leopard makes a surprise attack.
3. Turtles
If you're a fish, youÓd better look twice before resting near that big rock . . . it could be
a turtle. There are hundreds of species of turtles and tortoises that use camouflage to trick
their prey and hide from large animals like alligators. Sadly, camouflage can't protect turtles
from the hunterÓs fishnet.
4. Bark Bugs
For most bugs, birds are the bad guys. For bark bugs, which hang out on trees around the
world, this is 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ(special) true. In order to hide in the middle of nature's
birdhouses, bark bugs appear to be part of the tree itself.
5. Leaf Butterflies
Complete with fake leaf structure, fake leaf veins, and perfect dead-leaf colouring, leaf
butterflies have the masters of camouflage. Birds pass them by without a second glance since
these insects from southeast Asia look more like dead leaves than butterflies.
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
6. Dragon Lizards
Spiders, snakes, birds, and even other lizards all want a piece of the dragon lizard, so they
have some of the most 7ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ(effect) camouflage around. Not only do dragon
lizards look nearly 8ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ(vision) when hanging out on a tree branch, they keep
9ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ(ordinary) still, knowing that their predators react to the smallest
movements. It doesn't make an 10ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ.(excite) life, but at least they live to tell
about it.
2.
Read the text again and answer the questions. Przeczytaj ponownie tekst
i odpowiedz na pytania.
A.
Chameleons
B.
Leopards
C.
Turtles
D.
Bark Bugs
E.
Leaf Butterflies
F.
Dragon Lizards
Which animalsÈ:
1.
Èare found in two colours? ÈÈÈ
2.
Èchange colour only when in danger? ÈÈÈ
3.
ÈdonÓt move? ÈÈÈ
4.
Èhas hundred species that use camouflage? ÈÈÈ
5.
Èhave the most effective camouflage? ÈÈÈ
6.
Èhide from birds? ÈÈÈ ÈÈÈ
7.
Èlive in south-eastern Asia ÈÈÈ
8.
Èlive mostly on an island? ÈÈÈ
9.
Èlive on the tree trunks? ÈÈÈ
10.
Èlook like leaves? ÈÈÈ
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
II.
Relative clauses
There are two types of relative clauses:
Defining
Î give necessary information that is essential to understand the main clause
Non-defining
Î give additional information that is not necessary to understand the sense
Commas
Î defining clauses are written without commas:
This is the man who saw you
- non-defining clauses are written with commas:
This is Tom, who works here
Commas can change the meaning:
He has three children
,
who are still at school =
he has only 3 children
He has three children who are still at school =
he has more than three children
Which - refers to things and events:
This is the house
which
we saw in the catalogue
If which is not preceded by a comma, it refers to the noun standing before it:
This is the car
which
he wanted to buy
= He wanted to buy the car
If which is preceded by a
comma
, it refers to the whole clause standing before it:
They bought a car
,
which
was a good idea
= the fact that they bought a car was a good idea
Note:
Tom came to the party. It surprised everybody.
Tom came to the party, which surprised everybody
(=the fact that he came was surprising)
not:
Tom came to the party, which surprised everybody
(= the party was a surprise)
Whose
Î expresses possession for both people and things:
This is a man. His daughter is a doctor
ã
This is the man,
whose
daughter is a doctor
This is a table. Its legs are broken
ã
This is the table
whose
legs are broken
Relative pronouns are often used in prepositional phrases
I have two/three brothers. They are doctors.
I have two/three brothers,
BOTH/ALL OF
WHOM
are doctors
or
I have two/three brothers. They are not doctors.
I have two/three brothers,
NEITHER/NONE OF
WHOM
are doctors
In formal language prepositions go before relative pronouns. In informal they go to the end of
the clause:
This is a book. I told you about it.
Formal:
This is the book
about
which
I told you
Informal:
This is the book
which
I told you
about
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
1.
Combine the sentences using relative clauses. Połącz zdania.
1.
This is the house. Dickens lived here
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
2.
She bought new shoes. She wore them at the wedding
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
3.
ThatÓs the man. He played cards last night
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
4.
This is the clock. I bought it in a supermarket
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
5.
My sister has a son. His name is David
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
6.
This is the hotel. It was built in 1879
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
7.
This is Jane. I work with her
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
8.
The letter arrived today. She sent it on Monday
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
9.
IÓm reading
Pride and Prejudice
. It was written by Jane Austin
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
10.
This is a photo of Tom. I met him last summer
ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ..
2.
Rewrite the sentences using the word in the bold. Przekształć zdania
stosując podany wyraz.
1.
The accident was seen by many people. Many of them were crying
whom
The accident ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ
2.
We went to a very famous museum
which
The museum ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ
3.
She had many umbrellas. Three of them were very colourful
which
She had ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ
4.
Sarah was a very strict teacher. It was an advantage for the students
which
Sarah was ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ
5.
I bought a new house. Its garden is full of roses
whose
I bought ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
Key
1.
1.
survival
2.
ability
3.
particularly
4.
hidden
5.
fashionable
6.
especially
7.
effective
8.
invisible
9.
extraordinarily
10.
exciting
2.
1.
B
2.
A
3.
F
4.
B
5.
F
6.
C D
7.
D
8.
A
9.
C
10.
D
II
1.
1.
This is the house which Dickens lived in / in which Dickens lived / where Dickens
lived
2.
She bought new shoes which she wore at the wedding
3.
That is the man who played cards last night
4.
This is the clock which I bought in a supermarket
5.
My sister has a son whose name is David
6.
This is the hotel which was built in 1879
7.
This is Jane, who I work with / with whom I work
8.
The letter which I sent on Monday arrived today
9.
IÓm reading
Pride and Prejudice
, which was written by Jane Austin
10.
This is a photo of Tom, who(m) I met last summer