Zgryźliwość kojarzy mi się z radością, która źle skończyła.
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
I.
Read the text and do the exercises below. Przeczytaj tekst i wykonaj ćwiczenia
poniżej
1.
Match the words from the text with their translations. Połącz wyrazy z tekstu
z ich tłumaczeniami
esteem
batonik
fate
chrupiący
charcoal
ciasto
sulphur
czerstwy
saltpetre
gotowane
salty
kierownik
soggy
kroić w plastry
crunchy
lokal
slice
los
grease
napój bezalkoholowy
douse
płatki śniadaniowe
lodge
potężny
artificial
poważanie
jointly
próżniowy
soft drink
pszenica
appliance
rozmoczony
vacuum
saletra
bar
siarka
bulky
słony
superintendent
stosować
comply
sztuczny
wholesome
tłuszcz
boiled
urządzenie
wheat
węgiel drzewny
stale
wspólnie
dough
zanurzać
grains
zboża
cereal
zdrowe
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
Invented by accident
We tend to hold inventors in high esteem, but often their discoveries were the result of an
accident or twist of fate. This is true of many everyday items, including the following surprise
inventions.
1. Fireworks
Fireworks originated in China some 2,000 years ago, and legend has it that they were
accidentally invented by a cook who mixed together charcoal, sulphur, and saltpetre all
items commonly found in kitchens in those days. The mixture burned and when compressed
in a bamboo tube, it exploded. There's no record of whether it was the cook's last day on the
job.
2. Potato Chips
If you can't eat just one potato chip, blame it on chef George Crum. He reportedly created the
salty snack in 1853 at Moon's Lake House near Saratoga Springs, New York. Fed up with
a customer who continuously sent his fried potatoes back, complaining that they were soggy
and not crunchy enough, Crum sliced the potatoes as thin as possible, fried them in hot grease,
then doused them with salt. The customer loved them and "Saratoga Chips" quickly became
a popular item at the lodge and throughout New England.
3. Saccharin
Saccharin, the oldest artificial sweetener, was accidentally discovered in 1879 by researcher
Constantine Fahlberg, who was working at the American Johns Hopkins University in the
laboratory of professor Ira Remsen. Fahlberg's discovery came after he forgot to wash his
hands before lunch. He had spilled a chemical on his hands and it, in turn, caused the bread he
ate to taste unusually sweet. In 1880, the two scientists jointly published the discovery, but in
1884, Fahlberg obtained a patent and began massproducing saccharin without Remsen. The
use of saccharin did not become widespread until sugar was rationed during World War I, and
its popularity increased during the 1960s and 1970s with the manufacture of Sweet'N Low
and diet soft drinks.
4. Microwave Ovens
The microwave oven is now a standard appliance in most American households, but it has
only been around since the late 1940s. In 1945, Percy Spencer was experimenting with a new
vacuum tube called a magnetron while doing research for the American Raytheon
Corporation. He was intrigued when the candy bar in his pocket began to melt, so he tried
another experiment with popcorn. When it began to pop, Spencer immediately saw the
potential in this revolutionary process. In 1947, Raytheon built the first microwave oven, the
Radarange, which weighed 750 pounds, was 51/2 feet tall, and cost about $5,000. When the
Radarange first became available for home use in the early 1950s, its bulky size and high
price made it unpopular with consumers. But in 1967, a much more popular 100volt, version
was introduced at aprice of $495.
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
5. Corn Flakes
In 1894, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg was the superintendent of the Battle Creek Sanatorium in
Michigan. He and his brother Will Keith Kellogg were Seventh Day Adventists, and they
were searching for wholesome foods to feed patients that also complied with the Adventists'
strict vegetarian diet. When Will accidentally left some boiled wheat sitting out, it went stale
by the time he returned. Rather than throw it away, the brothers sent it through rollers, hoping
to make long sheets of dough, but they got flakes instead. They toasted the flakes, which were
a big hit with patients, and patented them under the name Granose. The brothers experimented
with other grains, including corn, and in 1906, Will created the Kellogg's company to sell the
corn flakes. On principle, John refused to join the company because Will lowered the health
benefits of the cereal by adding sugar.
2.
Read the text again and answer the questions. Przeczytaj ponownie tekst i
odpowiedz na pytania
A. Fireworks
B. Potato Chips
C. Saccharin
D. Microwave Ovens
E. Corn Flakes
Which invention…:
1.
…descended from French fries? ……..
2.
…didn’t become popular at first? ……..
3.
…is the oldest? ……..
4.
…resulted for repeated complaints? ……..
5.
…resulted from insufficient hygiene? ……..
6.
…resulted from interest in healthy food? ……..
7.
…was announced by two scientists? ……..
8.
…was first made of food that had gone bad? ……..
9.
…was first used by patients? ……..
10.
…was made by a cook? ……..
11.
…was made by two brothers? ……..
12.
…was made in a lab? ……..
13.
…was not made in America? ……..
14.
…was too big and expensive at first? ……..
II.
Relative pronouns
We use relative pronouns to refer to people, things and actions. Relative pronouns are:
who,
whom, whose, which, that
. Relative adverbs are:
when, where, why
We use
who
to refer to people:
This is the man
who
stole my car
We use
which
to refer to things:
This is the table
which
I bought yesterday
In both cases we may also use
that
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
We use
whose
to express possession:
This is the man
whose
wife is a nurse
(the wife belongs to the man)
We use
whom
instead of
who
in formal language and after
prepositions
:
This is the man about
whom
I have told you
We use
when
to refer to time:
1999 was the year
when
we got married
We use
where
to refer to a place:
Paris is the place
where
we always wanted to go
We use
why
to express reason:
This is the reason
why
I hate bananas
1.
Complete the text with the right relative pronouns and adverbs. Uzupełnji tekst
właściwymi zaimkami wskazującymi
Leonardo da Vinci,
…..
was one of the greatest inventorscientist of recorded history, is the
icon of creativity. The man
…..
genius was unbounded by time and technology, was driven by
his curiosity,
…..
made him famous all over the world.
Da Vinci,
…..
was dedicated to discovery of truth and the mysteries of nature, made
contributions to science
…..
were legendary. In Renaissance
…..
Leonardo live people tried to
set an ignorant and superstitious world on a course of reason, science and tolerance. The
genius, about
…..
hundreds of books have been written, was an internationally renowned
inventor, scientists, engineer, architect, painter, sculptor, musician, mathematician, anatomist,
astronomer, geologists, biologist, and philosopher in his time.
1452 was the year
…..
he was born as a son of Ser piero da Vinci. Da Vinci was an
illegitimate (=pozamałżeńskie) child, which was the reason
…..
he was sent to Florence in his
teens
…..
he studied to become a painter. He quickly developed his own artistic style
…..
was
unique and contrary to tradition. His great originality was the reason
…..
da Vinci's artistic
style was largely unpopular for the next quarter century.
Later Da Vinci was appreciate by the duke of Milan for
…..
he became the court artist.
Throughout his life he also served various other roles
…..
included among others civil
engineer and
…..
he worked as an architect, he designed mechanical structures such as bridges
and aqueducts. There has been no inventor since the times of Da Vinci
…..
creative, analytic,
and visionary inventiveness could match the master.
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
Key
I
1.
esteem
poważanie
fate
los
charcoal
węgiel drzewny
sulphur
siarka
saltpetre
saletra
salty
słony
soggy
rozmoczony
crunchy
chrupiący
slice
kroić w plastry
grease
tłuszcz
douse
zanurzać
lodge
lokal
artificial
sztuczny
jointly
wspólnie
soft drink
napój bezalkoholowy
appliance
urządzenie
vacuum
próżniowy
bar
batonik
bulky
potężny
superintendent
kierownik
comply
stosować
wholesome
zdrowe
boiled
gotowane
wheat
pszenica
stale
czerstwy
dough
ciasto
grains
zboża
cereal
płatki śniadaniowe
2.
1.
B
2.
C D
3.
A
4.
B
5.
C
6.
E
7.
C
8.
E
9.
E
10.
A
zanotowane.pl doc.pisz.pl pdf.pisz.pl hannaeva.xlx.pl
I.
Read the text and do the exercises below. Przeczytaj tekst i wykonaj ćwiczenia
poniżej
1.
Match the words from the text with their translations. Połącz wyrazy z tekstu
z ich tłumaczeniami
esteem
batonik
fate
chrupiący
charcoal
ciasto
sulphur
czerstwy
saltpetre
gotowane
salty
kierownik
soggy
kroić w plastry
crunchy
lokal
slice
los
grease
napój bezalkoholowy
douse
płatki śniadaniowe
lodge
potężny
artificial
poważanie
jointly
próżniowy
soft drink
pszenica
appliance
rozmoczony
vacuum
saletra
bar
siarka
bulky
słony
superintendent
stosować
comply
sztuczny
wholesome
tłuszcz
boiled
urządzenie
wheat
węgiel drzewny
stale
wspólnie
dough
zanurzać
grains
zboża
cereal
zdrowe
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
Invented by accident
We tend to hold inventors in high esteem, but often their discoveries were the result of an
accident or twist of fate. This is true of many everyday items, including the following surprise
inventions.
1. Fireworks
Fireworks originated in China some 2,000 years ago, and legend has it that they were
accidentally invented by a cook who mixed together charcoal, sulphur, and saltpetre all
items commonly found in kitchens in those days. The mixture burned and when compressed
in a bamboo tube, it exploded. There's no record of whether it was the cook's last day on the
job.
2. Potato Chips
If you can't eat just one potato chip, blame it on chef George Crum. He reportedly created the
salty snack in 1853 at Moon's Lake House near Saratoga Springs, New York. Fed up with
a customer who continuously sent his fried potatoes back, complaining that they were soggy
and not crunchy enough, Crum sliced the potatoes as thin as possible, fried them in hot grease,
then doused them with salt. The customer loved them and "Saratoga Chips" quickly became
a popular item at the lodge and throughout New England.
3. Saccharin
Saccharin, the oldest artificial sweetener, was accidentally discovered in 1879 by researcher
Constantine Fahlberg, who was working at the American Johns Hopkins University in the
laboratory of professor Ira Remsen. Fahlberg's discovery came after he forgot to wash his
hands before lunch. He had spilled a chemical on his hands and it, in turn, caused the bread he
ate to taste unusually sweet. In 1880, the two scientists jointly published the discovery, but in
1884, Fahlberg obtained a patent and began massproducing saccharin without Remsen. The
use of saccharin did not become widespread until sugar was rationed during World War I, and
its popularity increased during the 1960s and 1970s with the manufacture of Sweet'N Low
and diet soft drinks.
4. Microwave Ovens
The microwave oven is now a standard appliance in most American households, but it has
only been around since the late 1940s. In 1945, Percy Spencer was experimenting with a new
vacuum tube called a magnetron while doing research for the American Raytheon
Corporation. He was intrigued when the candy bar in his pocket began to melt, so he tried
another experiment with popcorn. When it began to pop, Spencer immediately saw the
potential in this revolutionary process. In 1947, Raytheon built the first microwave oven, the
Radarange, which weighed 750 pounds, was 51/2 feet tall, and cost about $5,000. When the
Radarange first became available for home use in the early 1950s, its bulky size and high
price made it unpopular with consumers. But in 1967, a much more popular 100volt, version
was introduced at aprice of $495.
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
5. Corn Flakes
In 1894, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg was the superintendent of the Battle Creek Sanatorium in
Michigan. He and his brother Will Keith Kellogg were Seventh Day Adventists, and they
were searching for wholesome foods to feed patients that also complied with the Adventists'
strict vegetarian diet. When Will accidentally left some boiled wheat sitting out, it went stale
by the time he returned. Rather than throw it away, the brothers sent it through rollers, hoping
to make long sheets of dough, but they got flakes instead. They toasted the flakes, which were
a big hit with patients, and patented them under the name Granose. The brothers experimented
with other grains, including corn, and in 1906, Will created the Kellogg's company to sell the
corn flakes. On principle, John refused to join the company because Will lowered the health
benefits of the cereal by adding sugar.
2.
Read the text again and answer the questions. Przeczytaj ponownie tekst i
odpowiedz na pytania
A. Fireworks
B. Potato Chips
C. Saccharin
D. Microwave Ovens
E. Corn Flakes
Which invention…:
1.
…descended from French fries? ……..
2.
…didn’t become popular at first? ……..
3.
…is the oldest? ……..
4.
…resulted for repeated complaints? ……..
5.
…resulted from insufficient hygiene? ……..
6.
…resulted from interest in healthy food? ……..
7.
…was announced by two scientists? ……..
8.
…was first made of food that had gone bad? ……..
9.
…was first used by patients? ……..
10.
…was made by a cook? ……..
11.
…was made by two brothers? ……..
12.
…was made in a lab? ……..
13.
…was not made in America? ……..
14.
…was too big and expensive at first? ……..
II.
Relative pronouns
We use relative pronouns to refer to people, things and actions. Relative pronouns are:
who,
whom, whose, which, that
. Relative adverbs are:
when, where, why
We use
who
to refer to people:
This is the man
who
stole my car
We use
which
to refer to things:
This is the table
which
I bought yesterday
In both cases we may also use
that
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
We use
whose
to express possession:
This is the man
whose
wife is a nurse
(the wife belongs to the man)
We use
whom
instead of
who
in formal language and after
prepositions
:
This is the man about
whom
I have told you
We use
when
to refer to time:
1999 was the year
when
we got married
We use
where
to refer to a place:
Paris is the place
where
we always wanted to go
We use
why
to express reason:
This is the reason
why
I hate bananas
1.
Complete the text with the right relative pronouns and adverbs. Uzupełnji tekst
właściwymi zaimkami wskazującymi
Leonardo da Vinci,
…..
was one of the greatest inventorscientist of recorded history, is the
icon of creativity. The man
…..
genius was unbounded by time and technology, was driven by
his curiosity,
…..
made him famous all over the world.
Da Vinci,
…..
was dedicated to discovery of truth and the mysteries of nature, made
contributions to science
…..
were legendary. In Renaissance
…..
Leonardo live people tried to
set an ignorant and superstitious world on a course of reason, science and tolerance. The
genius, about
…..
hundreds of books have been written, was an internationally renowned
inventor, scientists, engineer, architect, painter, sculptor, musician, mathematician, anatomist,
astronomer, geologists, biologist, and philosopher in his time.
1452 was the year
…..
he was born as a son of Ser piero da Vinci. Da Vinci was an
illegitimate (=pozamałżeńskie) child, which was the reason
…..
he was sent to Florence in his
teens
…..
he studied to become a painter. He quickly developed his own artistic style
…..
was
unique and contrary to tradition. His great originality was the reason
…..
da Vinci's artistic
style was largely unpopular for the next quarter century.
Later Da Vinci was appreciate by the duke of Milan for
…..
he became the court artist.
Throughout his life he also served various other roles
…..
included among others civil
engineer and
…..
he worked as an architect, he designed mechanical structures such as bridges
and aqueducts. There has been no inventor since the times of Da Vinci
…..
creative, analytic,
and visionary inventiveness could match the master.
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
Key
I
1.
esteem
poważanie
fate
los
charcoal
węgiel drzewny
sulphur
siarka
saltpetre
saletra
salty
słony
soggy
rozmoczony
crunchy
chrupiący
slice
kroić w plastry
grease
tłuszcz
douse
zanurzać
lodge
lokal
artificial
sztuczny
jointly
wspólnie
soft drink
napój bezalkoholowy
appliance
urządzenie
vacuum
próżniowy
bar
batonik
bulky
potężny
superintendent
kierownik
comply
stosować
wholesome
zdrowe
boiled
gotowane
wheat
pszenica
stale
czerstwy
dough
ciasto
grains
zboża
cereal
płatki śniadaniowe
2.
1.
B
2.
C D
3.
A
4.
B
5.
C
6.
E
7.
C
8.
E
9.
E
10.
A